Search for: [Description = "The approach described in this paper uses evolutionary algorithms to create multiple\-beam patterns for a concentric circular ring array \(CCRA\) of isotropic antennas using a common set of array excitation amplitudes. The flat top, cosec2, and pencil beam patterns are examples of multiple\-beam patterns. All of these designs have an upward angle of θ = 0◦. All the patterns are further created in three azimuth planes \(φ = 0◦, 5◦, and 10◦\). To create the necessary patterns, non\-uniform excitations are used in combination with evenly spaced isotropic components. For the flat top and cosecant\-squared patterns, the best combination of common components, amplitude and various phases is applied, whereas the pencil beam pattern is produced using the common amplitude only. Differential evolutionary algorithm \(DE\), genetic algorithm \(GA\), and firefly algorithm \(FA\) are used to generate the best 4\-bit discrete magnitudes and 5\-bit discrete phases. These discrete excitations aid in lowering the feed network design complexity and the dynamic range ratio \(DRR\). A variety of randomly selected azimuth planes are used to verify the excitations as well. With small modifications in the desired parameters, the patterns are formed using the same excitation. The results proved both the efficacy of the suggested strategy and the dominance of DE over GA as well as FA."]

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