Search for: [Description = "This paper presents a survey on the MAC and network layer of Wireless Sensor Networks. Performance requirements of the MAC layer are explored. MAC layer protocols for battery\-powered networks and energy harvesting\-based networks are discussed and compared. A detailed discussion on design constraints and classification of routing protocols is presented. Several routing protocols are compared in terms of such parameters as\: energy consumption, scalability, network lifetime and mobility. Problems that require future research are presented. The cross\-layer approach for WSNs is also surveyed."]